LO6: Media Effects and Regulations

https://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2008/jul/31/isthedarkknightsuitablefo

The main point of view in the article is that the film the Dark Night is not suitable for the age certificate that it has been given due to there being things that are included such as lots of violence. It suggested that a 12a isn't suitable for the age rating as anyone that is under 12 can see the film with parental guidance. The film is quite graphic so therefore it would be more appropriate to be rated as a 15.

Passive Audience Theory
Hypodermic syringe - implies that.media has a negative impact. Mass audience believe everything the tthey see/hear. (Adorno and Horkheimer)

In the 1940s-50s the mass media were perceives as extreme influence towards audiences adapted behaviour. This was linked to the rise of advertising and consumerism.

The model doesn't hold much positivity for the audience, however it is a good method for media producers, politicians and also towards the use of marketing. There must be some truth in the fact that the media influences, political bias newspapers will influence decisions.

In 1956 Vince Packard looked at the relationship between advertising and media effects in his book "hidden Persuaders" .

He believed the media were conditioning people to want products and services with he top consumerism. If they are influences by this then they will be influences by graphic scenes.

Moral Panic

When the "mass media"  demonise groups, people or products that they believe become a threat to society, values and interested it is called a "moral panic" (Stanley Cpjrmm, 1972) This was in the press and was about influences from music because of the fighting. People has picked up from the press.

The group / prodders are referred to as "folk devils".

Anderson (2007) that high exposture to fast paced violent fames can lead to changes in brain funcition when processing violent images, including dampening of emotional responses to violence. One of the high risk factors?

Ferguson (2012) showed no long term link over threes years

Desensitisation - cultivation theory, being cultivated by violent images

Over the years we have been more encourages to see violent images.

https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/las-vegas-shooting-hollywood-criticized-gun-violence-top-films-1047285


The song "send it" by Austin Mahone is a song that could be said to be contrevertial. The song is aimed at a female audience of  teenagers and could have a negative impact on the audience due to the messages that can be found in the song. The main lyrics that are repeated throguhout are "send it" which is referencing to a girl sending sexual images of herself through social media or messages.

Charley Brooker

BLUE PLANET 2

Age Group: 35-70
Gender: 60-40 (male-female)
Ethnicity: White British
ABC1: 60-40

The age group is a lot more educated than the younger demographic and may have grown up with David Attemborogh so would want to wath the program. The ethnicity and subject topics are those that are more enjoyable to the audience of white british. They are more educated and threfore are in the ABC1 class, these have higher income and therefore will want to be educated.

Key Theory - Denis McQuail (1972)
These are called "audience pleasures" this  is what makes an audience consume a particular product

• Escapism - escape from reality (film)
• Survellance - find out information (newspaper)
• Building personal relationships - create conversations and discussions with others (soap opera)
• Create your own personal identity (magazine) 

Escapism is the tendency to seek distraction and relief from unpleasant realities, especially by seeking entertainment or engaging in fantasy. This is something that can audiences can feel through film. A film that makes an audience feel this is Alice in Wonderland by Tim Burton. This is a fantasy film which shows a world which is mysterious and different to the one that we live in, this allows the audience to escape form the real world into a fantasy land in the film. The use of weird and wonderful characters such as the caterpillar will create this escapist effect. 

Im a celebrity is a television programme that builds personal relationships due to it causing people such as friends to talk and discuss the eliminations of celebrities on the programme. It creates a talking point between people and leads to them discussing the programme and keeping up with the episodes. The demographic of this program is mainly 16-30 year olds of a mixed gender, ratio 60:40 (female:male). The NRS class of the views of Im a Celebrity is mixed ABC1 and C2DE due to the celebrities that are on the

LO3: Theories of Representation

Male gaze - Laura Mulvey
Women are objects of male pleasure

Hypermasculinity - McConnell (1995) 
Media texts show a hypermasculinity

Re-presentation - How the media shows us things.


Key Theory 1- Tim O'Sullivan et al (1998) 
For representations to work, there has to be a shared recognition go people and places. All representations therefore have ideologies behind them. Ideologies refers to a set go ideas which produces a partial and selective view in reality.

In High School Musical 2 there is the view of reality that is everyone goes around singing and dancing all the time

Key Theory 2- Laura Mulbey (1975) 
Male gaze. Wome are objectified in media texts and passive objects. Audiences are positioned to view the women from the point of view of a heterosexual male.

In my film there is male gaze as the women in it wear short dresses and are pretty.

Key Theory 3 - Stuart Hall (1995)
Western / White cultures continue to misrepresent ethnic minorities as in the media due to underlying racist tendencies. e.g. non-white as "the other", evil, barbaric, pitied, humoured.

Chad and Taylor are together and they are the only black people in the film .They aren't very key parts in the film and the white people are. This does not show a progressive representation that theres

Key Theory 4- Earp and Katz (1999) 
Men are often represented as having tendencies of pathological control and violence.

Key Theory 5- Edward Said 
Eastern cultures represented as something bad

Key Theory 6- John Berger

LO5 : Data Analysis

Similcasting - Simultaneous Broadcasting

• Broadcasted to radio but also online 

Streaming

• Timeshifting
• Downloaded onto hard-drive

Downloading

• VOD
• Timeshifting - not wathcing when traditionally broadcast 
• Online viewing

NRS - National Readership Survey

• Print - magazines, newspapers and e-editions

RAJAR - Radio Joint Audience Research

• Likes and dislikes of radio
• DAB
• Analogue

BARB - Broadcasters Audience Research Board

• TV
• Online TV
• Film on TV
• VOD (Video on Demand)
• Works with both comerciall 

The NRS uses different companies to conduct audience research.

LO1 : Media industries and job roles
LO2 : Advertising and marketing
LO3 : Textual analysis and
LO4 : Audience targeting and profiling
LO5 :
LO6 :

Audience Theories

John Hartley (1987)

all media products have "invisible fictons" before they are made. 

Ien Ang (1991)

all media producers have "imaginary entities" in mind before their production. 

LO3: Sound microelement

Diegesis is the "story world" or the world of the narrative - known as the Diegetic World
Verisimilitude us how real something appears

La La Land is set in Los Angeles in the modern day. (time and place of diegetic world)

• Diegetic sound is sound that appears as though it is coming from within the story go the film, video game or tv program.
• Dialogue - tone, accent, dialect (words that are used that are associated with a particular region) (represents people) 
• Sound effects (including foley sound) - off screen sounds - WILD TRACK - sound gathered on location
• Foley artist creates sound effects - for health and safety reasons the sounds are made in the studio 
• Offscreen sound, when you hear something that you don't actually see on the screen - adds to the digestive feel 
• Wild track - sound that is recorded when filming is not taking place - creates atmosphere & reinforce verisimilitude

La La Land Restaurant scene - added background sound (includes wild track)

• Non-Diegetic sound - Sound that is clear not coming from within the story world
• Incidental music - mood music (car chase - fast paced music, romantic movie - slow paced music) music that has been made or a famous piece of music 
• Sound motif -  sound badge 
• Non-Digetic sound effects 
• Radio, tv, band - 

The city of stars song is a sound motif as well as non diegetic sound

Mass V Niche

Mass V Niche

A mass audience is when a product is aimed at a large group of people. This also means that the product has a larger budget due to it being aimed at a wider range of people.
A niche audience is when a product is only aimed at a small group of people. This means that the product has a smaller budget and is something specialist or specific that will only appeal to a small amount of people.
A film that will appeal to a mass audience is Toy Story. This is made by the company Pixar which is owned by Walt Disney Studios which is a large conglomerate. This means that the films that they create can appeal to a larger range of people as a lot more people already know about the company and the type of films that they make. Also there can be advertising across lots of different platforms due to it being a cross media company.

Intro

Tell me what product you are studying, who the audience is and that you are going to discuss genre theory.

Main Body

Then FIVE paragraphs that state whether your product supports or goes against the theories.

e.g. Barry Keith Grant  (1995) suggests that all genres have sub genres. I agree with this based on my product because….

You should support or go against the theory using examples from mise-en-scene and camerawork studied so far.

Conclusion

I have therefore shown how genre is used to attract audiences and create meaning.